Često postavljena pitanja

Naša stranica o GNU/Linuxu pokriva bitne informacije. Nadamo se da će ovaj popis često postavljanih pitanja pomoći znatiželjnim korisnicima.

Opća pitanja

Razlikuju li se uopće „GNU/Linux” i „Linux”?

Stalno upućuješ i na jedan i na drugi. Zbog čega je tako?

Izvorno, Linux se odnosi na osnovnu komponentu (zvanu kernel) koja je smještena unutar GNU sustava. Ono što korisnici danas pokreću su zapravo „distribucije sustava GNU/Linux”.

U korištenju je riječ “Linux” pogodnija (nije iznenađujuće), a danas je ljudi poimaju u značenju cijelog operativnog sustava znanog jednostavno kao “Linux”. To izaziva poprilično proturječje.

Calling the system GNU/Linux is much more meaningful, technically (end-users use a lot of “GNU” and a little of “Linux”) but also philosophically: the strength and momentum of the Free Software movement started with and are still carried by the GNU project.

Zvati sustav Linux je praktičnije i privlačnije za računalne korisnike koji često vjeruju da je Windows sustav jedina postojeća stvar na svijetu.

To avoid confusion, we use “GNU/Linux” to refer to operating system distributions that include GNU software and the Linux kernel. When we use “Linux” without the GNU part, we refer to the kernel.

And what has that software to do with a GNU?

When Richard Stallman started to design GNU, the main system in use was Unix, which is proprietary. Because GNU is similar in function to (and compatible with) Unix, but is free software, he coined the term GNU which stands for GNU’s Not Unix. It’s a recursive acronym. If you enjoy that kind of humour, check out what GNU Hurd means.

Je li je Linux registriran zaštitni znak?

Je. Ne možeš prodavati bilo koji softver pod imenom Linux®. Vlasnik zaštitnog znaka je Linux Mark Institute.

Je li je GNU/Linux jedini dostupan slobodan operacijski sustav?

Ne. GNU/Linux je daleko najrasprostranjeniji korišteni slobodni operativni sustav; međutim, postoji i niz drugih slobodnih sustava.

These include the UNIX derivatives FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, the BeOS clone Haiku OS, the Windows NT clone ReactOS, the DOS clone FreeDOS, and Syllable, just to name a few.

Je li je macOS distribucija GNU/Linuxa?

Ne. U macOS-u postoji nekoliko komponenti slobodnog softvera i tehnički je sličan GNU/Linux sustavima. Ali općenito, to je vlasnički softver: svi problemi vezani uz Windows odnose se i na njega.

Understanding free software

Jesu li „otvoreni kod” (Open Source) i „slobodan softver” (Free Software) istovjetni pojmovi?

Yes and no. Technically, the great majority of open source programs are free software and vice-versa.

U pogledu svjetonazora, stvari su prilično drugačije. Pojam „otvoreni kod” je skovan kako bi se „slobodni softver” učinio privlačnijim; njegovi podržavatelji vide softver otvorenog koda kao bolji način stvaranje softvera.

Supporters of the “free software” term value the freedom, not merely the way software is made, and thus argue that the term “open source” misses the point.

Koji ćeš pojam primijeniti zavisi samo od tvoga viđenja softvera.

Zašto se neke GNU/Linux distribucije prodaju, a ne pružaju besplatno?

Neke web-stranice zapravo prodaju distribucije GNU/Linuxa. Zašto onda pišete da je „slobodan kao govor i dostupan besplatno”?

Koncept slobodnog softvera se odnosi na slobodu, a ne na cijenu. Slobodni softver se smije kopirati, proučavati, mijenjati i dijeliti slobodan softver.

Većina tvrtki koje razvijaju slobodni softver stvaraju dobit prodajući usluge vezane za njihov softver, radije nego za sam softver. To se ponekad postiže prodajom svega u paketu: kupac odmah kupuje CD, priručnik i ugovor za podršku. Softver ti i dalje može jamčiti slobode.

Više:

• Kako krivo razumjeti slobodni softver
• Knjižica o FLOSS konceptu

Zašto neke GNU/Linux distribucije nisu potpuno besplatne?

Neke GNU/Linux distribucije su dostupne besplatno, ali uključuju restriktivni softver. Zašto je to tako?

Postoje tri uobičajene vrste pristupa glede uvrštenja neslobodnog softvera:

• Some GNU/Linux distributors allow non-free software in order to enable hardware functionality. This happens because manufacturers like NVidia do not release the full code for their drivers. Additionally, many Wi-Fi cards and other components require specific proprietary firmware to operate. These are available at no cost (they are freeware) but under restrictive licenses. Distributions such as Debian, Ubuntu, and Fedora thus include or help install these components to ensure your computer works smoothly out of the box.
• On the other hand, some GNU/Linux distributors do not compromise on the freedom of software and ensure their systems contain no proprietary code whatsoever. This is the case for the distributions endorsed by the Free Software Foundation. These systems remove all non-free components, even if it means some hardware might not work.
• Pojedini distributeri GNU/Linuxa spajaju slobodne i ograničavajuće računalne programe bez razlike. Takvi distributeri ne žele da korisnici razmišljaju o vlastitoj slobodi, već radije govore o tehničkim mogućnostima svoga proizvoda. Korištenje takvih distribucija nije puno bolje od korištenja Windowsa. Mi cijenimo tvoju slobodu i preporučujemo ti da pažljivo biraš!

Is macOS also a free operating system?

Do all the reasons for avoiding Windows apply to macOS?

It’s quite common for Mac users to believe they are exempt from restrictions associated with Windows. Unfortunately such is not the case.

macOS does have some low-level components which are free software; and Apple puts less energy into customer lock-in (with some notable efforts such as BootCamp).

However, the end-user is still fundamentally restricted – because of the proprietary license, he/she cannot use macOS for all purposes, nor copy, study, modify, or redistribute it.

Happily, because these freedoms matter a lot, it’s possible to run popular GNU/Linux distributions (such as Ubuntu) on Mac computers.

Aren’t GNU/Linux users the ones who make illegal downloads?

Isn’t GNU/Linux about cracking, “piracy” and illegal download websites?

No. Wherever you read or heard this, you should update your views. GNU/Linux is completely distinct from such things. Whether you want to do them, or whether you prefer legal downloads from services like Spotify, Netflix, and Steam, GNU/Linux will work just as well as Windows. Unfortunately you can’t identify gangsters by the make of their cars; the same thing goes for their operating system.

GNU/Linux was made by people who don’t like the thought of all the world’s computers running just one company’s proprietary products. There is certainly nothing wrong with that!

Read more in the article: How to Misunderstand Free Software.

Is GNU/Linux a form of communism?

“Everything has to be free” and “No one owns anything” sounds somewhat frightening. Are GNU/Linux and its GPL something for anarchists or communists?

GNU/Linux has nothing to do with a political system and anyone – regardless of their political views – can use it. We have this explained simply in our article “How to Misunderstand Free Software”.

Instaliranje GNU/Linuxa

Does GNU/Linux come pre-installed on computers?

Yes it does. LinuxPreloaded.com has built a website specially for that purpose, listing vendors that sell GNU/Linux desktops and laptops.

Note that buying new hardware is not necessary to use GNU/Linux!

Mogu li nabaviti GNU/Linux na mom jeziku?

Yes. All main distributions, such as the ones we recommend, are all available in the main languages around, and have support for many keyboard types.

Unlike Windows, all languages are included on each installation CD, so there is no need for you to download (or pay for!) another whole version to merely change the language on your computer.

Is it legal to install GNU/Linux on my computer?

There is a shiny Windows sticker on it! Am I allowed to erase Windows or use it together with GNU/Linux?

Yes. It is absolutely, completely legal, provided of course it’s your computer!

The sticker on it is purely marketing, it has no legal value. We believe it is one fundamental right to choose which software to run on our own hardware.

In fact this right is threatened by the rise of things such as DRM and Trusted Computing. Read our article “Stand for a free society” for more information.

Moram li kupiti novo računalo za pokretanje GNU/Linuxa?

Ne. Sustav radi bez problema na većini postojećih računala.

Hardware compatibility has improved dramatically. The only minor hurdles you might face involve using bleeding-edge hardware released very recently, or computers with specialized proprietary architecture (such as modern Apple Silicon Macs). Otherwise, almost all GNU/Linux distributions run flawlessly on standard 64-bit PCs and laptops. Read how you can try or install GNU/Linux on your computer.

Korištenje GNU/Linuxa

Je li GNU/Linux podržava moj hardver?

For most users, the answer is yes, your hardware is likely supported. The days of struggling to get basic sound or internet working on Linux are largely in the past.

However, “supported” can range from “works perfectly out of the box” to “requires manual tweaking”. Here is the step-by-step process to verify your specific hardware, ranked from the easiest to the most thorough.

A live USB stick

Almost all GNU/Linux distributions (like Debian, Ubuntu, or Fedora) allow you to boot the operating system from a USB stick without installing it or touching your hard drive. Once the desktop loads, you can check things like Wi-Fi, sound, Bluetooth, touchpad, and suspend/sleep.

Search the databases

If you don’t have a USB drive handy, you can look up your computer in community-maintained databases.

• Ubuntu Certified Hardware: If your laptop model (e.g., “Lenovo ThinkPad X1”) is on this list, it is officially guaranteed to work.
• Linux-Hardware.org: A massive database of user-submitted reports. You can search for your specific laptop model or component to see if others have had success.
• The Arch Wiki: Even if you aren’t using Arch Linux, searching “Arch Wiki [Your Laptop Model]” (e.g., “Arch Wiki Dell XPS 15”) often yields the most detailed technical notes on what works and what doesn’t.

Identify potential pitfalls

Three specific components historically cause the most headaches. Open Device Manager and look for these specific categories:

Component	What to look for	The Linux outlook
Wi-Fi Card	Network Adapters	Intel cards are excellent. Realtek and Broadcom cards usually work but occasionally require manual driver installation.
Graphics (GPU)	Display Adapters	Intel and AMD graphics work out of the box. NVIDIA cards work well, but you often must select “Install third-party drivers” during the installation process to get good performance.
Biometrics	Biometric Devices	Fingerprint readers are the most likely component to not work. Many manufacturers do not release Linux drivers for these sensors.

Will Microsoft Office run on GNU/Linux?

Ovisi o tome kako ga koristiš.

Desktop aplikacije (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)

Ne. Microsoft ne izdaje nativnu verziju instaliranog Office paketa za GNU/Linux. Iako postoje tehnička rješenja (poput Winea), često sadrže greške i nisu pouzdani za svakodnevnu upotrebu.

Microsoft 365 (web verzija)

Da. Web-bazirane verzije za Word, Excel i PowerPoint se mogu koristiti unutar bilo kojeg modernog GNU/Linux web preglednika (poput Firefoxa, Chromea ili Edgea). To je službeno podržano od strane Microsofta i radi točno kao na Windowsu.

Nativne desktop alternative

Za tradicionalno desktop iskustvo postoje dvije izvrsne opcije otvorenog koda:

• Većina GNU/Linux distribucija sadrže unaprijed instalirani LibreOffice. Standardno koristi OpenDocument Format (.odt), istinski otvoreni standard koji koriste vlade diljem svijeta. LibreOffice je moćan paket aplikacija i sadrži mnoge funkcije, te je sposoban otvarati i spremati Microsoft Office datoteke (npr. .docx, .xlsx, .pptx).
• Ako je prioritet stroga vizualna kompatibilnost, onda je OnlyOffice snažna alternativa. Izvorno upravlja Microsoftovim formatima i koristi poznato „Ribbon” sučelje, te bolje čuva složene rasporede stranica nego LibreOffice prilikom dijeljenja datoteka s Windows korisnicima.

Mogu li reproducirati moje DVD-ove, Blu-ray diskove i MP3-datoteke na GNU/Linuxu?

Da.

Music and MP3s

To više nije problem. Patenti za MP3 istekli su prije mnogo godina, tako da moderne GNU/Linux distribucije reproduciraju MP3 izravno bez potrebe za posebnim postavljanjem. Streaming usluge poput Spotifyj i YouTube također rade izravno u tvom web pregledniku.

DVD-ovi i Blu-ray diskovi

Ovo je nešto složenije zbog ograničenja zaštite od kopiranja.

• Šifrirani DVD diskovi: Većina komercijalnih DVD diskova koristi sustav šifriranja zvan „CSS”. Za njihovu reprodukciju je potrebna softverska biblioteka zvana libdvdcss. Iako većina distribucija olakšava instalaciju (često putem paketa „Restricted Extras” ili jednostavne naredbe putem terminala), zaobilaženje ovog šifriranja je s tehničkog stajališta pravno siva zona u nekim zemljama.
• Blu-ray diskovi: Reprodukcija komercijalnih Blu-ray diskova znatno je teža. Za razliku od DVD-a, Blu-ray diskovi koriste složeniji sustav šifriranja (AACS) koji zahtijeva aktualizirane „ključeve” za reprodukciju novijih filmova. Iako se softver za njihovu reprodukciju može instalirati (npr. VLC s libaacs), datoteka baze podataka ključeva se često se mora ručno pronaći i aktualizirati. Zbog te gnjavaže, mnogi GNU/Linux korisnici radije konvertiraju svoje Blu-ray diskove koristeći softver poput MakeMKV-a nego da izravno reproduciraju disk.
• Kućna videa: Nešifrirani diskovi (poput kućnih DVD-ova) reproduciraju se savršeno odmah nakon otvaranja koristeći samo slobodan softver.

Više na webu:

• Ubuntu – ograničeni formati
• Fedora – zabranjene stavke

Mogu li igrati popularne 3D-igre na GNU/Linuxu?

Da, za veliku većinu naslova.

The landscape of Linux gaming has changed dramatically. While native Linux versions exist for major titles like Dota 2, Counter-Strike 2, Baldur’s Gate 3, and the Tomb Raider series, you are no longer limited to just those games.

Today, most Windows-exclusive games run seamlessly on GNU/Linux thanks to Proton, a compatibility tool integrated directly into Steam. For the average user, this means playing a Windows game is now as simple as hitting the Play button.

Steam i Proton

Ovo je najlakši način igranja. Kompatibilnost svoje biblioteke igri možeš provjeriti koristeći bazu podataka zajednice ProtonDB.

Druge trgovine igri

Igraj igre od GOG.com, Epic i itch.io koristeći pokretače koje je izradila zajednica poput Heroic ili Lutris.

Iznimka

Jedina veća prepreka koja još ostaje su natjecateljske igre za više igrača koje koriste agresivan anti-cheat softver (poput Valoranta ili Fortnitea). Mnogi od tih naslova još uvijek ne rade na GNU/Linuxu. Ako voliš natjecateljske igre pucanja, prije prelaska provjeri kompatibilnost na stranici ProtonDB ili Are We Anti-Cheat Yet?.

Je li je potrebno instalirati antivirusni softver pod Linuxom?

Kratak odgovor je, ne.

Viruses are almost non-existent on GNU/Linux for two main reasons:

1. Strict permissions: A virus cannot damage your system because it does not have the “superuser” (administrator) permission required to change core files.
2. Trusted sources: You generally install software from official, secure repositories (like an App Store) rather than downloading random files from the internet.

For a detailed explanation of why Linux is so secure by design, read our GNU/Linux virus FAQ.

Još pitanja?

If you have a question that is not covered here, there are many communities to help you. Our “Help” section will help you find the right place to ask.

If you can think of a frequent question that we haven’t answered yet, do let us know, or file an issue.